There are many types of catalysts, what are they?

Anyone who has studied chemistry knows the chemical term catalyst. Catalyst is a chemical substance commonly used in chemical experiments, which can change the chemical reaction rate of reactants without changing the chemical equilibrium. What are the catalysts?
What are the catalysts?
There are various types of catalysts, which can be divided into liquid catalysts and solid catalysts according to their state; According to the phase state of the reaction system, it can be divided into homogeneous catalysts and heterogeneous catalysts. Homogeneous catalysts include acid, alkali, soluble transition metal compounds, and peroxide catalysts.
Heterogeneous catalysts include solid acid catalysts, organic base catalysts, metal catalysts, metal oxide catalysts, complex catalysts, rare earth catalysts, molecular sieve catalysts, biocatalysts, nanocatalysts, etc; According to the type of reaction, it can be further divided into catalysts such as polymerization, condensation, esterification, acetalization, hydrogenation, dehydrogenation, oxidation, reduction, alkylation, isomerization, etc; According to the size of their effects, they can also be divided into main catalysts and co catalysts.
Homogeneous catalysis
The reaction that occurs when the catalyst and reactant are in the same phase and there is no phase boundary is called homogeneous catalysis. A catalyst that can perform homogeneous catalysis is a homogeneous catalyst.
Homogeneous catalysts include liquid acids, alkaline catalysts, solid acids and alkaline catalysts such as Secos, soluble transition metal compounds (salts and complexes), etc. Homogeneous catalysts act independently by molecules or ions, with uniform active centers and high activity and selectivity.
Heterogeneous catalysis
Heterogeneous catalysts, also known as heterogeneous catalysts, are used in reactions of different phases, where they are in different states from the reactants they catalyze. For example, in the production of margarine, unsaturated vegetable oil and hydrogen gas can be converted into saturated fats through solid nickel (catalyst). Solid nickel is a heterogeneous catalyst, and the reactants it catalyzes are liquid (vegetable oil) and gaseous (hydrogen).
A simple heterogeneous catalytic reaction involves the adsorption of reactants on the surface of the catalyst, the breaking of bonds within the reactants leading to the generation of new bonds, but also the unstable bond between the product and the catalyst, causing the product to detach from the reaction site and other processes. It is now known that many catalysts exhibit different structures for adsorption and reaction on their surfaces.
Biocatalysis
Enzymes are biocatalysts, organic compounds produced by plants, animals, and microorganisms with catalytic ability (most proteins, but a small amount of RNA also has biocatalytic function), formerly known as enzymes.
The catalytic action of enzymes is also selective. For example, starch. Enzymes catalyze the hydrolysis of starch into dextrin and maltose, while proteases catalyze the hydrolysis of proteins into peptides. Living organisms use them to accelerate chemical reactions within the body. If there were no enzymes, many chemical reactions within the organism would proceed slowly and be difficult to sustain life.
At a temperature of approximately 37 ℃ (human body temperature), the enzyme's working state is optimal. If the temperature is higher than 50 ℃ or 60 ℃, the enzyme will be destroyed and cannot function again. Therefore, biological detergents that use enzymes to decompose stains on clothing are most effective when used at low temperatures.